Microplastics pollution in the Yellow River basin: current status and control strategy / 生物工程学报

Microplastics pollution has attracted worldwide attention. Compared with the status quo of microplastics pollution in marine environment and other major rivers and lakes, the relevant data of the Yellow River basin is relatively inadequate. The abundance, types, and spatial distribution characteristics of microplastic pollution in the sediments and surface water of the Yellow River basin were reviewed. Meanwhile, the status of microplastic pollution in the national central city and Yellow River Delta wetland was discussed, and the corresponding prevention and control measures were put forward. The results showed that the spatial distribution of microplastics pollution in sediments and surface water of the Yellow River basin increased from upstream to downstream, especially in the Yellow River Delta wetland. There are obvious differences between the types of microplastics in sediment and surface water in the Yellow River basin, which is mainly related to the materials of microplastics. Compared with similar regions in China, the microplastics pollution levels in national key cities and national wetland parks in the Yellow River basin are in the medium to high degree, which should be taken seriously. Plastics exposure through various ways will cause serious impact on aquaculture and human health in the Yellow River beach area. To control microplastic pollution in the Yellow River basin, it is necessary to improve the relevant production standards, laws and regulations, and improve the capacity of biodegradable microplastics and the degradation capacity of plastic wastes.

The neglected tropical grasslands: first record of campo com murundus and its plant communities in the state of São Paulo, Brazil / Campos tropicais negligenciados: primeiro registro de campo com murundus e suas comunidades vegetais no estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Abstract Tropical grasslands have been systematically neglected worldwide in maps, conservation policies, and ecological studies. After eradicating invasive pine trees from a Cerrado reserve in southeastern Brazil, an unprecedented grassy ecosystem arose in recent satellite images. In the field, we confirmed the first record of wet grasslands with termite mounds - locally named campo com murundus ˗ beyond 21°S in the São Paulo state. Besides reporting this occurrence, we sampled the two plant communities forming this peculiar vegetation type (the mounds and the waterlogged matrix around them) to investigate if they are floristically and functionally distinct. We also explored how these two communities relate to those of the surrounding open vegetation types (savanna, dry and wet grassland). Woody plants were recorded on the mounds but not in the matrix, although the two communities share some ground layer species. Compared to the adjacent vegetation types, the mounds were floristically distinct and functionally more balanced in growth forms, dispersal syndrome, and tolerance to waterlogging. We hope this borderline record of campo com murundus can stimulate the search for other unnoticed remnants out of their known occurrence region, triggering efforts for their conservation and studies to improve comprehension of these iconic ecosystems.

Resumo Os campos naturais tropicais têm sido sistematicamente negligenciados em todo o planeta, seja nos mapas, nas políticas de conservação ou em estudos ecológicos. Após controle da invasão por Pinus em unidade de conservação do Cerrado no sudeste do Brasil, um ecossistema graminoso sem registro regional surgiu nas imagens de satélite recentes. Observação em campo resultou no primeiro registro de campo com murundus em latitude superior a 21°S, no estado de São Paulo. Além de relatar essa ocorrência, amostramos as duas comunidades vegetais que formam esse tipo de vegetação peculiar (ocorrendo sobre os murundus e na matriz alagadiça ao redor deles) para investigar se são florística e funcionalmente distintas. Também exploramos como essas duas comunidades estão relacionadas com os tipos de vegetação aberta circundantes (savana, campo seco e campo úmido). Plantas lenhosas foram registradas nos murundus, mas não na matriz, embora as duas comunidades compartilhem algumas espécies do estrato rasteiro. Em comparação com os outros tipos de vegetação adjacentes, os murundus se mostraram floristicamente distintos e funcionalmente mais equilibrados em relação às formas de crescimento, síndrome de dispersão e tolerância ao encharcamento. Esperamos que esse registro limítrofe de campo com murundus possa estimular a busca por outros remanescentes despercebidos fora da região de ocorrência já conhecida, desencadeando esforços para sua conservação e estudos que possam melhorar a compreensão desses ecossistemas icônicos.

Efecto de los incendios en la cobertura vegetal, almacenamiento de carbono y biomasa vegetal de un humedal costero / Effect of fires on vegetation cover, carbon storage and plant biomass in a coastal wetland

Resumen Introducción: Los humedales se encuentran entre los ecosistemas más productivos, pero actualmente están siendo degradados o eliminados a un ritmo acelerado por múltiples actividades antrópicas. En la costa central de Perú, los humedales sufren incendios recurrentes, y los efectos poco estudiados incluyen el nivel de emisiones y el secuestro de carbono por quema. Objetivo: Estimar el carbono en la biomasa aérea afectada por el fuego y el carbono recuperado por la vegetación al cabo de un año. Métodos: Trabajamos en el humedal costero Los Pantanos de Villa (Lima, Perú) y comparamos áreas quemadas (32 cuadrantes, 1 m2) y no afectadas (33 cuadrantes). Resultados: La vegetación afectada fue predominantemente herbácea y dominada por Phragmites australis, Schoenoplectus americanus, Typha dominguensis y Cladium jamaicense. El incendio afectó 1 147.0 t de biomasa vegetal que almacenó 381.8 t de carbono, generando la emisión de 1 397.1 t de CO2 a la atmósfera. Al cabo de un año se había recuperado el 79 % de la cobertura vegetal, pero solo el 26 % de la biomasa vegetal viva y el 12.8 % del carbono contenido en la vegetación. Conclusiones: Los indicadores apropiados de la resiliencia de los humedales al fuego deben considerar que los humedales afectados por el fuego recuperan rápidamente la cobertura vegetal, pero no el almacenamiento de carbono y la biomasa vegetal.

Abstract Introduction: Wetlands are among the most productive ecosystems, but currently are being degraded or eliminated at accelerated rates by multiple anthropic activities. In the central coast of Peru, wetlands suffer recurring fires, and the little-studied effects include the level of emissions and carbon sequestration by burning. Objective: To estimate carbon in aerial biomass affected by fire, and carbon recovered by the vegetation after one year. Methods: We worked in Los Pantanos de Villa (Lima, Peru) coastal wetland and compared burnt (32 quadrants, 1 m2) and unaffected areas (33 quadrants). Results: The vegetation affected was predominantly herbaceous and dominated by Phragmites australis, Schoenoplectus americanus, Typha dominguensis and Cladium jamaicense. Fire affected 1 147.0 t of plant biomass that stored 381.8 t of carbon, generating the emission of 1 397.1 t of CO2 into the atmosphere. After one year, 79 % of the vegetation cover had recovered, but only 26 % of the plant biomass and 12.8 % of vegetation carbon. Conclusions: Appropriate indicators of wetland fire resilience should consider that fire-impacted wetland rapidly recovers plant cover, but not carbon storage and plant biomass.

AVIAN DIVERSITY (LOCAL AND MIGRATORY BIRDS) AND HABITAT USE OF NANDUR MADHYAMESHWAR BIRD SANCTUARY, NASHIK DISRICT, MAHARASHTRA (INDIA)

This study is mainly based on observation of bird community in Nandur Madhyameshwar area. Nandur Madhyameshwar has a very good biodiversity as well as a wide variety of plants and animals. It is surrounded by large humid terrain and a variety of ?owers and fruit trees, providing food, breeding and nesting support for avian animals. Birds have stable wings, beak, feathers and body temperature. The feathers below keep the birds warm. Contour wings help birds to ?y and attract mates. Birds need a high energy diet to get energy for ?ight. Light bodies and strong muscles help birds to ?y. The pushes the wings to hold the bird in the air. The birds hatch their eggs and keep them in nests. When the chicks come out, they are prehospital or altruistic. A total of 24 different bird species are observed including 14 residents migratory, 2 migratory and 8 residents. It turns out that the respective communities show signi?cant diversity.

Wetland Inventory, Assessment and Monitoring

The destruction caused to natural resources by human activity to a certain extent is rectified by the wetland, but the pace of disappearing wetland created a situation to find requisite program and tool for Wetland Inventory, Assessment and Monitoring. Several organizations are working cumulatively designing methodologies and policies to restore and improve the biotic characteristic. Wetland inventory provide guidance for the systematic collection of resource data using both tradition manual and advanced remote sensing tools.Whereas Wetland assessment includes identification of ecological stature and extent threat caused. Wetland monitoring is collection of information of the assessment activities as a result of the management and conducting surveillance in the existing and reduced threat. This review discusses the various methodologies followed by different situations around the globe.

Abundancia de aves playeras (Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae) y su relación con la temperatura del agua en un humedal de Perú (2013-2019) / Abundance of shorebirds (Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae) and its relationship with water temperature in a wetland in Peru (2013-2019)

Resumen Introducción: La familia Scolopacidae (Orden: Charadriiformes) es una de las familias más abundantes en los humedales costeros. El Humedal Costero Poza de la Arenilla cuenta con un registro histórico de 20 especies de escolopácidos; los eventos climáticos podrían afectar la distribución y migración de varias especies de esta familia taxonómica, reduciendo su riqueza y abundancia. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre la riqueza y la abundancia de las especies pertenecientes a la familia Scolopacidae y la temperatura superficial del mar (TSM) y el índice costero El Niño (ICEN) en el Humedal Costero Poza de la Arenilla. Métodos: Se realizaron muestreos dos veces por mes entre enero 2013 y enero 2019 utilizando el método del conteo total para determinar la abundancia de las especies (N = 292). Se realizó un análisis de correlación de Spearman entre la abundancia, riqueza, TSM e ICEN, y se procedió a calcular la diversidad beta a través del índice de Whittaker, tanto para analizar el recambio anual para cada estación como el recambio estacional dentro de cada año. Resultados: Se obtuvieron dos correlaciones significativas: entre TSM y abundancia y entre ICEN y riqueza. Por otro lado, la prueba ANOSIM arrojó diferencias estacionales en las abundancias de las especies, y la prueba SIMPER arrojó que la mayor diferencia en las abundancias entre estaciones fue entre otoño y primavera (disimilitud de Bray-Curtis = 81.57 %), y la mínima entre invierno y primavera (disimilitud de Bray-Curtis = 49.86 %). Conclusiones: Las dinámicas ecológicas de las comunidades de escolopácidos en La Arenilla se ven modificadas de manera importante en función a las variaciones de los parámetros térmicos ambientales relacionados al cambio climático.

Abstract Introduction: Scolopacidae family (Order: Charadriiformes) is one of the most abundant families found in coastal wetlands. La Arenilla coastal wetland has a historical record of 20 scolopacid species; climatic events could affect the distribution and migration of the several species of this taxonomic family, reducing their species richness and abundance. Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between richness and abundance of the species belonging to the Scolopacidae family and both Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and the coastal El Niño index (ICEN) in La Arenilla Coastal Wetland, La Punta, Callao. Methods: Sampling were carried out twice a month, between January 2013 and January 2019 using the Total Count Method in order to determine species abundance (N = 292). A Spearman correlation analysis between abundance, species richness, SST and ICEN was performed, and beta diversity was calculated through the Whittaker index (βw) to analyze both the annual turnover for each season and the seasonal turnover within each year. Results: Two significant correlations were obtained: between SST and abundance and between ICEN and species richness. On the other hand, the ANOSIM test showed seasonal differences in abundance, and the SIMPER test showed that the greatest difference in abundance between seasons was between autumn and spring (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity = 81.57 %), and the minimum difference between winter and spring (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity = 49.86 %). Conclusions: The ecological dynamics of scolopacid communities in La Arenilla coastal wetland face important changes according to the variations in the environmental thermal parameters related to climate change.

Formación de un humedal en la costa norte del Perú: estabilidad biofísica y diversidad biológica

Se describe, analiza y reporta por primera vez la formación de un humedal costero en el sur de Salaverry (La Libertad, Perú). Se realiza la comparación del número de especies con otros humedales ubicados en áreas costeras de la región, empleando para ello imágenes satelitales de acceso público e información biológica. Se obtuvo una serie de tiempo suficiente para plantear una hipótesis sobre su formación, calculando el NDVI (Índice de Vegetación de Diferencia Normalizada) y NDMI (Índice de Humedad de Diferencia Normalizada) para confirmar su estabilidad e influencia. El resultado del análisis sugiere que el humedal sur de Salaverry se formó hace quince años por dos aportes antrópicos: filtraciones de agua dulces desde terrenos agrícolas y agua de mar usada para el bombeo del material dragado en las inmediaciones del Puerto de Salaverry. Por sus características ecosistémicas, el humedal se encontraría en las primeras etapas de sucesión ecológica, y a pesar de origen espontáneo, estaría operando como una laguna costera salobre que atrae fauna oportunista, principalmente aves.

The formation of a coastal wetland located south of Salaverry (La Libertad - Peru) is first described, analyzed, and reported, and their biodiversity is compared with regional wetlands located at coastal areas, using publically access satellite imagery and biological information. An adequate time-series was obtained to hypothesize their formation, calculating the NDVI (Normalized difference vegetation index) and NDMI (Normalized Difference Moisture Index) to confirm the stability and influence. The analysis suggests that the wetland south of Salaverry was formed fifteen years ago by two human sources: freshwater infiltration from farmlands and seawater used to pump the dredged material in the vicinity of the Salaverry Port. Because of its ecosystemic features, the wetland would be at the first stages of the ecological succession, and despite its spontaneous origin, it will be functioning as a brackish coastal lagoon attracting opportunistic fauna, mainly birds.

Modelagem da vegetação aquática em estudos de dinâmica dos fluidos computacional / Modeling aquatic vegetation in computational fluid dynamics studies

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar, por meio da técnica dinâmica dos fluidos computacional (CFD), dois métodos utilizados nas representações conceitual e física da vegetação em meio aquático: meio poroso e elementos geométricos simplificados. Três estudos de caso, que incluem um wetland flutuante e manchas de vegetação, exemplificam a aplicação dos métodos, mostrando suas vantagens e desvantagens. Nas etapas da geometria e da malha, a representação da vegetação como meio poroso é mais simples, prática e rápida do que a da vegetação como elementos geométricos simplificados. Porém, na parte da modelagem das equações, o método do meio poroso não consegue capturar os processos de mistura no interior da vegetação, enquanto o método dos elementos geométricos simplificados consegue.

ABSTRACT The goal of this work was to present, through computation fluid dynamics (CFD), two methods used in the conceptual and physical representation of vegetation in aquatic environments: the porous media approach and the simplified geometric elements. Three case studies, including a floating wetland and patches of vegetation, exemplify how the methods are applied, showing their advantages and disadvantages. At the geometry and meshing stage, the porous media approach shows to be simpler, faster, and more practical than the simplified geometric elements. However, in the equation modeling, the porous media approach is not able to capture the mixing processes inside the vegetation, while the simplified geometric elements method can capture those processes.

Estudio preliminar de los Arctiinae (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) del departamento de Arequipa, Perú / Preliminary study of the Arctiinae (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) from Arequipa, Peru

Resumen Se presenta una lista preliminar y la diagnosis de las especies de Arctiinae de Arequipa. Se propone a Amastus pallescens como nuevo sinónimo de Amastus cellularis. Por primera vez se da a conocer la hembra de A. cellularis. Se revalida la especie Magnoptera watsoni, que fue sinonímizada hace pocos años con Amastus walkeri. Se recolectó durante el 2017-2018, en 16 estaciones de evaluación que comprendieron 4 rangos altitudinales: 0-1500, 1500-2500, 2500-3500, 3500-4500 m.

Abstract A preliminary list and diagnosis of the Arctiinae species of Arequipa is presented. It is proposed that Amastus pallescens is a new synonym of Amastus cellularis. The female of A. cellularis is reported for the first time. The Magnoptera watsoni species was revalidated, which was synonimized a few years ago with Amastus walkeri. It was collected during 2017-2018, in 16 evaluation stations that included 4 altitudinal ranges: 0-1500, 1500-2500, 2500-3500, 3500-4500 m.

Characteristics of the rhizosphere and phyllosphere microbial community of three submerged plants in the dragon-shaped water system of Beijing / 生物工程学报

Aquatic plants and the epiphytic microorganisms are important contributors to the purification of constructed wetlands. Taking the dragon-shaped water system of Beijing Olympic Park as a model, this study analyzed the structure and function of the microbial communities reside the sediment, the water body and the rhizosphere and phyllosphere of three submerged plants-Vallisneria natans, Myriophyllum verticillatum, and Potamogeton pectinatus using high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that the microbial diversity from the highest to the lowest were samples from sediment, plant rhizosphere, plant phyllosphere and water. The microbial diversity of plant phyllosphere samples were significantly higher than those of the water body. LEfSe analysis showed that different habitats enriched different microbial groups. The sediments mainly enriched anaerobic microbes, while the water body and the phyllosphere of plants mainly enriched aerobic microbes, and the rhizosphere of plants had the both. Functional prediction analysis showed that the abundance of denitrification marker genes in phyllosphere samples was higher than that in samples from rhizosphere, sediment and water body, and the abundance of denitrification marker genes in phyllosphere samples of M. verticillatum and P. pectinatus was higher than that of V. natans. This study could serve as a guidance for the selection of submerged plants and functional microorganisms for constructed wetlands.

Desplazamiento de elementos metálicos en el estero El Culebrón, por la presencia de un relave minero abandonado, Coquimbo - Chile / Displacement of metallic elements in the El Culebrón estuary, due to the presence of an abandoned mining tailings, Coquimbo - Chile

RESUMEN La presencia de residuos mineros en la región de Coquimbo es un serio problema, que impacta al medio ambiente y a la sociedad. Se estudió el impacto que genera la presencia de un relave abandonado, ubicado en el humedal el Culebrón, que es costero y urbano, determinando la cantidad y la movilidad de algunos elementos, que se encuentran presentes en este relave. Se realizaron dos etapas de muestreos del suelo en la zona del humedal y en el relave, que fueron sometidas a digestión ácida y cuantificación, mediante espectrofotometría de absorción atómica. Los metales con mayor concentración fueron el hierro, seguido del aluminio y, en menor cantidad, zinc, arsénico y plomo. El aluminio tuvo un comportamiento distinto a los demás, ya que presentó baja concentración en el relave y concentraciones equivalentes en las distintas áreas muestreadas, dando la idea que está naturalmente en el humedal. El arsénico presentó una gran movilidad, puesto que su mayor concentración está en el límite del relave y su concentración varió en las distintas zonas del humedal. Del estudio, se concluyó que la distribución de estos elementos en la zona de estudio, se debe a dos factores importantes; el primero, por el proceso geoquímico natural de movilidad de estos componentes y el segundo y más importante es el tsunami que sufrió la comuna de Coquimbo, en 2015.

ABSTRACT The presence of mining waste in the Coquimbo Region is a serious problem, which impacts the environment and society. The impact generated by the presence of an abandoned tailings located in the El Culebrón wetland, which is coastal and urban, was studied, determining the quantity and mobility of some elements that are present in this tailings. Two stages of soil sampling were carried out in the wetland area and in the tailings, which were subjected to acid digestion and quantification by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The metals with the highest concentration were iron, followed by aluminum, in less quantity were zinc, arsenic, and lead. Aluminum had a different behavior from the others, since it presented low concentration in the tailings, and equivalent concentrations in the different sampled areas, giving the idea that it is naturally in the wetland. Arsenic was highly mobile, since its highest concentration is at the tailings limit and its concentration varied in the different areas of the wetland. From the study, it was concluded that the distribution of these elements in the study area is due to two important factors, the first due to the natural geochemical process of mobility of these components and the second and most important is the tsunami suffered by the commune of Coquimbo in 2015.

Modelación dinámica del comportamiento hidrológico de un humedal urbano bajo condiciones del fenómeno ENSO / Dynamic modeling of the hydrological behavior of an urban wetland under conditions of ENSO phenomenon

RESUMEN El estado actual y las continuas alteraciones que aquejan a los humedales ubicados en la ciudad de Bogotá (Colombia), motiva el desarrollo de instrumentos y herramientas, que permitan explicar su comportamiento hidrológico bajo tensiones climáticas, como lo es el fenómeno ENSO. Este artículo presenta la formulación de un modelo de las condiciones hidrológicas del humedal urbano de Torca. La simulación, se realizó con el software Vensim® y la validación estadística del modelo, se efectuó mediante un análisis de sensibilidad multivariable (MVSS), a partir del método Montecarlo. Se evidenció que en los años de ocurrencia del fenómeno climatológico ENSO (2001) y (2011), el patrón de comportamiento de la precipitación y del flujo de entrada (Qi) de la cuenca aferente del humedal fueron paralelos. El tiempo hidráulico de retención (THR) sugirió un comportamiento inverso con relación a la precipitación. En efecto, la precipitación promedio mensual fue de 47,8mm y 158,7mm y el THR promedio fue de 55 días y 33 días, para los años El Niño y La Niña, respectivamente. El flujo de entrada y de salida presentaron un comportamiento paralelo durante el período de estudio, debido, probablemente, a que el cuerpo de agua se convirtió en un cauce de salida. Durante El Niño, cuatro meses registraron desbordamiento del humedal (junio, septiembre, octubre y diciembre), con volúmenes de agua superiores a 130.645m3. Durante La Niña, todos los meses registraron desbordamiento del humedal, a excepción de agosto y septiembre, en donde se observaron volúmenes de agua de 100.018m3 y 109.166m3, respectivamente.

ABSTRACT The current state and the continuous changes that affect the wetlands located in the city of Bogotá (Colombia), motivates the development of instruments and tools that illustrate their hydrological behavior under climatic stresses such as the ENSO phenomenon. This article presents the formulation of a model of the hydrological conditions of the urban wetland of Torca. The simulation was carried out with the Vensim® software and the statistical validation of the model was carried out by means of a multivariate sensitivity analysis (MVSS) using the Montecarlo method. It was evidenced that in the years of occurrence of the ENSO climatological phenomenon (2001) and (2011), the behavior pattern of precipitation and inflow (Qi) of the afferent basin of the wetland were parallel. Hydraulic retention time (THR) suggested an inverse behavior in relation to precipitation. Indeed, the average monthly rainfall was 47,8mm and 158,7mm, and the average THR was 55 days and 33 days for the El Niño and La Niña years, respectively. The inflow and outflow presented a parallel behavior during the study period, probably due to the fact that the body of water became an outlet channel. During El Niño, the wetland overflowed for four months (June, September, October and December), with volumes exceeding 130,645m3. During La Niña, the wetland overflowed every month; except for August and September, where volumes of 100.018m3 and 109.166m3 were observed, respectively.

Spatial Variability and Associated Risk Assessment of Nitrate and Ammonium Concentration in Hail Haor Wetland, Northeastern Bangladesh

Nitrate-nitrogen and ammonium-nitrogen concentration were evaluated to assess the current nutrient condition of an ecologically as well as economically important wetland of Bangladesh. The contamination condition of surface water nitrate and ammonium of Hail Haor wetland was assessed to understand its probable risk to human health using the water samples collected from total-fifty monitoring stations, 25 each for two different seasons within 2018 to 2019. Nitrate concentration was measured using the spectrophotometer by colorimetric method, whereas ammonium was quantified using the micro Kjeldahl's distillation method. Statistical and geo-spatial analysis revealed an extensive understanding of the temporal and spatial variability as well as possible source identification of the nutrients in the studied area. Medium to a low level of nitrate ranging from 0.95 up to 9.25 mg/L and high ammonium with values from 0.32 up to 1.92 mg/L was a sporadic trend observed in wetland water, with low water season having more concentration than that of wet high water season. Hazard quotients (HQ) obtained from wetland water for four individual age groups recognized wetland water to be safe for consumption (HQ<1) based on its nitrate level. Wetlands can provide valuable ecosystem services, conserve the native and exotic wetland inhabitants and mitigate flood along with their purifying properties of nutrient removal to lessen the public health concerns about nitrate-nitrogen in drinking water. Therefore, appropriate rein in measures, incentivizing water use efficiency, and continuous monitoring of water quality will ensure safety for wetland habitats, also may aware of the risks or opportunities associated with using wetland water for both drinking and agricultural use.

Primer reporte de Lemmermanniella uliginosa (Synechococcaceae, Cyanobacteria) en América del sur, y primer reporte del género para Perú / First report of Lemmermanniella uliginosa (Synechococcaceae, Cyanobacteria) in South America, and the first record of the genus from Peru

Resumen El presente trabajo reporta por primera vez para el Perú a la cianobacteria bentónica Lemmermanniella uliginosa, identificada en muestras de perifiton y sedimentos bentónicos procedentes del humedal de Caucato en el distrito de San Clemente, departamento de Ica. Además, se registra por primera vez al género Lemmermanniella para el país. Se discuten aspectos morfo-taxonómicos de la especie comparándola con poblaciones reportadas para otras localidades en zonas tropicales.

Abstract This work presents the first record of Lemmermmanniella uliginosa from Peru based on periphyton and sediment samples from Caucato wetland (San Clemente district, Ica department). Furthermore, the genus Lemmermmanniella is recorded for the first time for Peru. Morpho-taxonomic comparison with other populations reported in tropical regions is discussed.

Patrones de distribución y estructura de la vegetación en el gradiente de humedales costeros El Castaño, Chiapas, México

Introducción: Las características de los humedales costeros son resultado de las interacciones hidrogeomorfológicas entre el continente y el océano, que causan un gradiente ambiental, que resulta en diferentes tipos de vegetación como manglares, popales, tulares, selvas y palmares inundables. Objetivo: Caracterizar las variables del hidroperiodo y fisicoquímicas del agua y suelo para determinar la relación que existe en el patrón de distribución de la vegetación en el Sistema de Humedales El Castaño (SHC). Metodología: Se establecieron 11 unidades de muestreo (UM) permanentes por estrato definidos: cinco en el manglar, dos en selvas inundables, dos en tular y dos en pastizal inundable. De mayo 2016 a octubre 2017 se caracterizó la vegetación y se muestreó mensualmente los niveles de inundación y parámetros fisicoquímicos del agua (superficial, intersticial y subterránea): salinidad, conductividad y pH; y el suelo: densidad aparente, porcentaje de humedad y potencial redox. Resultados: El manglar es el más cercano al mar, tiene la menor diversidad (H:1.66) y especies registradas (14), está dominado por Laguncularia racemosa y Rhizophora mangle y tiene los valores más altos de salinidad intersticial y subterránea, mayores a 10.8 ups, se mantiene inundado de 4 a 12 meses, su potencial redox es de 14.57 mV. Seguido está el manglar, tierra adentro, se ubican los remanentes de la selva inundable, (H:2.18 y 18 especies), dominada por Pachiraaquatica, la salinidad intersticial y subterránea de 4.95 ups, permanece inundada de 0 a 6 meses y el potencial redox es de 119.07 mV. El tular, después de la selva, (H:1.92 y 16 especies), dominado por Typha domingensis, salinidad intersticial y subterránea de 6.1 ups, el tiempo de inundación es de 5 a 8 meses y potencial redox es de 125.9 mV. El pastizal inundable, con menor influencia marina, es un humedal herbáceo modificado para uso ganadero, presentó los valores más altos de diversidad (H:3.44 y 50 especies), Paspalum conjugatum es la especie dominante, la salinidad intersticial y subterránea es menor a 0.5 ups, se mantiene inundado de 5 a 9 meses y el potencial redox es de 151.23 mV. Conclusiones: En cada tipo de vegetación, la estructura, composición y diversidad es diferente, con un alto recambio de especies que indica un gradiente definido por la salinidad. La vegetación en el SHC sigue los patrones de organización típica de los humedales costeros tropicales, manglares, selvas inundables y humedales herbáceos, en este caso los tulares y pastizales inundables. El factor que define la distribución de la vegetación, es salinidad y el gradiente que se observa está en función de la dinámica hidrológica que depende de entradas de agua marina y de la bajada de agua dulce del interior del continente.

Introduction: The characteristics of coastal wetlands are the result of hydrogeomorphological interactions between the continent and the ocean, which cause an environmental gradient, hat results in different vegetation types such as mangroves, freshwater marshes, swamp forests and palm swamps. Objective: To characterize the hydroperiod and physicochemical variables of water and soil and their effect on the distribution of vegetation in the Sistema de Humedales El Castaño. Methods: A total of 11 permanent sampling units (UM) were established by defined strata: five in the mangrove, two in swamp forest, two in freshwater marshes and two in the flooded pasture. From May 2016 to October 2017 the vegetation was characterized and the water levels and physicochemical parameters (superficial, interstitial and groundwater) were sampled monthly for: salinity, and pH; and the soil for: bulk density, humidity percentage, and redox potential. Results: Mangroves are the closest to the sea, have the lowest diversity (H: 1.66) and species richness (14), they are dominated by Laguncularia racemosa and Rhizophora mangle, have the highest values of interstitial and groundwater salinity, (> 10.8 ups), remain flooded for 4 to 12 months per year, and have a redox potential of 14.57 mV. Immediately, inland, there are remnants of the swamp forests (H: 2.18 and 18 species), dominated by Pachira aquatica, with 5 ups interstitial and groundwater salinity, flooded from 0 to 6 months per year, with a redox potential of 119.07 mV. These forests are followed inland by freshwater marshes (H: 1.92 and 16 species), dominated by Typha domingensis with 6.1 ups interstitial and groundwater salinity, flooded for 5 to 8 months per year and a redox potential of 125.9 mV. Finally, furthest inland is the flooded pasture, a modified herbaceous wetland for cattle grazing (H: 3.44 and 50 species) dominated by Paspalum conjugatum, where interstitial and groundwater salinity is less than 0.5 ups, it stays flooded for 5 to 9 months and the redox potential is 151.23 mV. Conclusions: In each type of vegetation, the structure, composition, and diversity are different, with a high turnover of species that indicates a gradient defined by salinity. The vegetation in the SHC follows the patterns of typical organization of the tropical coastal wetlands, mangroves, swamp forests and herbaceous wetlands, in this case the freshwater marshes and flooded pastures. The factor that define the distribution of the vegetation is the salinity and the gradient that is observed are a function of the hydrological dynamics that depends on the mixing of marine and freshwater.

A conceptual model to understand the drivers of change in tropical wetlands: a comparative assessment in India and Brazil / Un modelo conceptual para comprender los impulsores del cambio en los humedales tropicales: una evaluación comparativa en India y Brasil

Abstract: Tropical wetlands are amongst the most biodiverse ecosystems on Earth and have immense socio-ecological value. However, tropical wetlands are considered exploitable resources and continue to be drained and converted to other "productive" uses. It is therefore urgent to identify and understand the interactions between various drivers of change triggering degradation of such wetlands. In the present study, we systematically reviewed and analyzed the existing literature on wetlands in two tropical countries namely India and Brazil with special reference to inland wetlands, and proposed a conceptual model illustrating the intricate linkages of such wetlands with different drivers of change. We also developed the Nature Futures' Framework to depict the diverse values of inland wetlands contributing to human wellbeing in the two tropical countries. Findings revealed similar drivers of change triggering the degradation of Indian and Brazilian wetlands. These include changes in climate & land use, population growth, poor land governance due to weak policies, besides other anthropogenic activities such as deforestation, and overexploitation of wetland resources. Among these, land-use change such as agriculture intensification and infrastructure development were the major direct drivers; whereas, institutional and governance factors such as the absence of concrete policy measures were the major indirect drivers threatening the inland wetlands in India and Brazil. Results also revealed some contrasting drivers of change such as illegal human settlements, and land grabbing by the brick industry for Indian wetlands; while, gold mining and intensification of bovine systems for Brazilian wetlands. Our paper also provides an insight into the status of wetland conservation in India and Brazil. We recommend the promotion of community-based conservation practices while adopting sustainable livelihood strategies by the local people for the conservation and wise use of inland wetlands in India and Brazil. The arguments raised in the paper have the potential to assist the stakeholders and/or decision-makers towards implementing sustainable management strategies for inland wetlands in the two countries, and tropical wetlands in general.

Resumen: Los humedales tropicales se encuentran entre los ecosistemas con mayor biodiversidad en la Tierra y tienen un inmenso valor socioecológico. Sin embargo, los humedales tropicales se consideran recursos exploTables y continúan siendo drenados y convertidos a otros usos "productivos". Por lo tanto, es urgente identificar y comprender las interacciones entre varios impulsores del cambio que desencadenan la degradación de dichos humedales. En el presente estudio, revisamos y analizamos sistemáticamente la literatura existente sobre humedales en dos países tropicales, a saber, India y Brasil, con especial referencia a los humedales continentales, y propusimos un modelo conceptual que ilustra el intrincado vínculo de dichos humedales con diferentes impulsores del cambio. También desarrollamos el Marco de Nature Futures para resaltar los diversos valores de los humedales continentales de India y Brasil que contribuyen al bienestar humano en los dos países tropicales. Los resultados revelaron impulsores similares de los cambios que desencadenan la degradación de los humedales de la India y Brasil, incluidos los cambios en el clima y el uso de la tierra, el crecimiento de la población, las políticas débiles y la mala gobernanza de la tierra, además de otras actividades antropogénicas como la deforestación y la sobreexplotación de recursos. Entre estos, el cambio en el uso de la tierra, como la intensificación de la agricultura y el desarrollo de infraestructura, fueron los principales impulsores directos, mientras que los factores institucionales y de gobernanza, como la ausencia de medidas políticas concretas, fueron el principal impulsor indirecto que amenazó los humedales continentales de India y Brasil. Los resultados también revelaron algunos factores de cambio contrastantes, como los asentamientos humanos ilegales y el acaparamiento de tierras por parte de la industria del ladrillo para los humedales indios; mientras que la extracción de oro y la intensificación de los sistemas bovinos para los humedales brasileños. Nuestro documento también proporciona una visión sobre el estado de la conservación de humedales en India y Brasil. Recomendamos la promoción de prácticas de conservación basadas en la comunidad al adoptar estrategias de medios de vida sostenibles por parte de la población local para la conservación y el uso racional de los humedales continentales en India y Brasil. Los argumentos planteados en el artículo tienen el potencial de ayudar a las partes interesadas y / o los tomadores de decisiones para implementar estrategias de gestión sostenible para los humedales continentales en los dos países, y para los humedales tropicales en general.

A conceptual model to understand the drivers of change in tropical wetlands: a comparative assessment in India and Brazil / Un modelo conceptual para comprender los impulsores del cambio en los humedales tropicales: una evaluación comparativa en India y Brasil

Tropical wetlands are amongst the most biodiverse ecosystems on Earth and have immense socio-ecological value. However, tropical wetlands are considered exploitable resources and continue to be drained and converted to other "productive" uses. It is therefore urgent to identify and understand the interactions between various drivers of change triggering degradation of such wetlands. In the present study, we systematically reviewed and analyzed the existing literature on wetlands in two tropical countries namely India and Brazil with special reference to inland wetlands, and proposed a conceptual model illustrating the intricate linkages of such wetlands with different drivers of change. We also developed the Nature Futures' Framework to depict the diverse values of inland wetlands contributing to human wellbeing in the two tropical countries. Findings revealed similar drivers of change triggering the degradation of Indian and Brazilian wetlands. These include changes in climate & land use, population growth, poor land governance due to weak policies, besides other anthropogenic activities such as deforestation, and overexploitation of wetland resources. Among these, land-use change such as agriculture intensification and infrastructure development were the major direct drivers; whereas, institutional and governance factors such as the absence of concrete policy measures were the major indirect drivers threatening the inland wetlands in India and Brazil. Results also revealed some contrasting drivers of change such as illegal human settlements, and land grabbing by the brick industry for Indian wetlands; while, gold mining and intensification of bovine systems for Brazilian wetlands. Our paper also provides an insight into the status of wetland conservation in India and Brazil. We recommend the promotion of community-based conservation practices while adopting sustainable livelihood strategies by the local people for the conservation and wise use of inland wetlands in India and Brazil. The arguments raised in the paper have the potential to assist the stakeholders and/or decision-makers towards implementing sustainable management strategies for inland wetlands in the two countries, and tropical wetlands in general.

Los humedales tropicales se encuentran entre los ecosistemas con mayor biodiversidad en la Tierra y tienen un inmenso valor socioecológico. Sin embargo, los humedales tropicales se consideran recursos exploTables y continúan siendo drenados y convertidos a otros usos "productivos". Por lo tanto, es urgente identificar y comprender las interacciones entre varios impulsores del cambio que desencadenan la degradación de dichos humedales. En el presente estudio, revisamos y analizamos sistemáticamente la literatura existente sobre humedales en dos países tropicales, a saber, India y Brasil, con especial referencia a los humedales continentales, y propusimos un modelo conceptual que ilustra el intrincado vínculo de dichos humedales con diferentes impulsores del cambio. También desarrollamos el Marco de Nature Futures para resaltar los diversos valores de los humedales continentales de India y Brasil que contribuyen al bienestar humano en los dos países tropicales. Los resultados revelaron impulsores similares de los cambios que desencadenan la degradación de los humedales de la India y Brasil, incluidos los cambios en el clima y el uso de la tierra, el crecimiento de la población, las políticas débiles y la mala gobernanza de la tierra, además de otras actividades antropogénicas como la deforestación y la sobreexplotación de recursos. Entre estos, el cambio en el uso de la tierra, como la intensificación de la agricultura y el desarrollo de infraestructura, fueron los principales impulsores directos, mientras que los factores institucionales y de gobernanza, como la ausencia de medidas políticas concretas, fueron el principal impulsor indirecto que amenazó los humedales continentales de India y Brasil. Los resultados también revelaron algunos factores de cambio contrastantes, como los asentamientos humanos ilegales y el acaparamiento de tierras por parte de la industria del ladrillo para los humedales indios; mientras que la extracción de oro y la intensificación de los sistemas bovinos para los humedales brasileños. Nuestro documento también proporciona una visión sobre el estado de la conservación de humedales en India y Brasil. Recomendamos la promoción de prácticas de conservación basadas en la comunidad al adoptar estrategias de medios de vida sostenibles por parte de la población local para la conservación y el uso racional de los humedales continentales en India y Brasil. Los argumentos planteados en el artículo tienen el potencial de ayudar a las partes interesadas y / o los tomadores de decisiones para implementar estrategias de gestión sostenible para los humedales continentales en los dos países, y para los humedales tropicales en general.

Tratamento combinado de lixiviado de aterro sanitário e lodo de fossa séptica com emprego de geobag: estudo de laboratório e de campo / Combined treatment of landfill leachate and septic tank sludge using geobag: laboratory and field study

RESUMO Neste trabalho, são apresentados os resultados do desempenho de dois sistemas de tratamento combinado de lixiviado de aterros sanitários e lodos de fossas. Na escala de laboratório, empregou-se um geobag de pequenas dimensões e um filtro biológico de percolação a jusante dele. Na escala real, investigou-se o desempenho de uma unidade de tratamento constituída de geobag seguido de lagoas de estabilização e wetland. Em ambos os estudos, empregou-se relação volumétrica de 4:1 (lodo de fossa:lixiviado) e adicionou-se floculante à mistura antes de sua alimentação no geobag. As remoções obtidas na unidade de campo foram superiores às alcançadas em laboratório para os parâmetros carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD) e sólidos em suspensão totais, cujas remoções foram superiores a 50 e a 95%, respectivamente. A remoção de nitrogênio amoniacal, entretanto, foi maior na instalação de bancada (68%). O desempenho desses sistemas de tratamento com relação à toxicidade para os organismos-teste Aliivibriofischeri, Daphniasimillis e Daniorerio também foi investigado.

ABSTRACT This paper presents the performance results of two combined landfill leachate and sewage sludge treatment systems. In the laboratory scale, a small geobag was followed by a trickling filter. In the real scale, the performance of a geobag treatment unit followed by stabilization and wetland lagoons was investigated. In both studies, a 4:1 volumetric ratio (pit sludge: leachate) was employed and flocculant was added to the mixture prior to feeding in the geobag. The field unit removals were higher than those obtained in the laboratory for the following parameters: dissolved organic carbon and suspended solids, whose removals were greater than 50 and 95%, respectively. Ammonium nitrogen was removed at higher percentages in the lab-scale unit (68%). The performance of both treatment units regarding toxicity to Aliivibriofischeri, Daphnia simillis and Danio rerio organisms was also investigated.

Primer reporte de albinismo para el cuy silvestre Cavia tschudii (Mammalia: Rodentia) / First albinism report for the wild guinea pig Cavia tschudii (Mammalia: Rodentia)

En mamíferos silvestres los patrones de coloración atípica como el albinismo ocurren en baja frecuencia y en la literatura científica sus reportes son escasos. Por lo cual los hallazgos de este tipo son importantes para comprender mejor este fenómeno. En el presente trabajo realizamos el primer reporte de albinismo para el cuy silvestre Cavia tschudii (Rodentia) en la costa central de Perú. Este hallazgo también representa el primer registro de albinismo para el género Cavia en el Neotrópico.

In wild mammals, atypical coloration patterns such as albinism occur at a low frequency and are poorly reported in the literature. Therefore, discovery of cases of coloration anomalies are important to better understand this phenomenon. Here, we describe the first reported case of albinism in Cavia tschudii "Wild Guinea Pig" from the central coast of Peru. This discovery also represents the first record of albinism for the genus Cavia in the Neotropics.

Efecto del cadmio sobre la mortalidad de adultos de Polydora sp. (Polychaeta: Spionidae) en el laboratorio

Introducción: Diversos estudios han demostrado el efecto del Cd sobre la mortalidad y otras respuestas fisiológicas de diversas especies de poliquetos. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto tóxico del Cd en la mortalidad de adultos de Polydora sp. como especie prueba para estudios ecotoxicológicos. Métodos: Los especímenes fueron recolectados en el humedal costero Poza de la Arenilla, Callao, Peru. Los organismos fueron aclimatados durante dos semanas con agua de mar y sedimento y posteriormente, tres días en agua de mar, con 30 ‰ de salinidad y temperatura entre 20 a 22 °C. Los organismos se expusieron a las concentraciones nominales 75, 11.25, 1.69, 0.25; 0.04 mg/L de Cd y un control. Se analizaron tres réplicas de diez individuos por tratamiento durante 72 horas para registrar mortalidad. Se aplicaron las pruebas de Kruskal-Wallis y de U-Man Whitney para detectar las diferencias significativas entre tratamientos. Resultados: El efecto adverso del Cd sobre la mortalidad fue mucho más evidente en los tratamientos de 11.25 y 75 mg/L a partir de las primeras 24 horas de exposición. La concentración letal media de Cd a 72h fue de 2.59 mg/L. Conclusiones: La CL50 está en el mismo orden de magnitud de otras especies de poliquetos. Este es el primer estudio ecotoxicológico en Perú con poliquetos en condiciones de laboratorio. Se sugiere la utilización de Polydora sp. como especie prueba en experimentos de ecotoxicología, utilizando concentraciones nominales subletales de Cd que no superen los 1.6 mg/L para la observación de varias respuestas fisiológicas.

Introduction: Several studies have demonstrated the effect of Cd on mortality and other physiological responses of some polychaete species. Objective: To evaluate the toxic effect of Cd on adults mortality of Polydora sp as a test species for ecotoxicological studies. Methods: The specimens were collected in the coastal wetland of Poza de la Arenilla, Callao, Peru. The organisms were acclimatized for two weeks with seawater and sediment and then, three days in seawater, with 30 ‰ of salinity and temperature between 20 to 22 °C. The organisms were exposed to the nominal concentrations 75, 11.25, 1.69, 0.25; 0.04 mg/L of Cd and a control. Three replicates of ten individuals per treatment were analyzed for 72 hours to register mortality. The Kruskal-Wallis and U-Man Whitney tests were applied to detect significant differences among treatments. Results: The adverse effect of Cd on mortality was much more evident in the treatments of 11.25 and 75 mg/L after the first 24 hours of exposure. The mean lethal concentration of Cd at 72h was 2.59 mg/L. Conclusions: The LC50 is in the same order of magnitude as other polychaete species. This is the first ecotoxicological study in Peru using polychaetes under laboratory conditions. It is suggested the use of Polydora sp as a test species in ecotoxicology experiments, using nominal sublethal concentrations of Cd not exceeding 1.6 mg/L. for the observation of several physiological responses.